Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk.

Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (TFA) is an integrin binding sequence that inhibits integrin receptor function.

Curculigoside B shows antioxidative and antiosteoporotic activities, it can decrease area of bone resorption pit, osteoclastic formation and TRAP activity.