PAC1R antagonist 1 is an orally active PAC1 receptor antagonist that inhibits abnormal pain induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and nerve damage, and may be used in the study of neoplasms and immune-related disorders.

Sodium caseinates are proteins found in milk that induce proliferation and activation of granulocytes, and can induce granulopoiesis in mice.

Nrf2 activator-4 is an Nrf2 activator that inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species in microglia for the treatment of fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction in humans.