Amyloid β1-40 is one of the fragments generated after cleavage of the amyloid peptide precursor protein by β and γ secretases.

DSP-4 hydrochloride (Neurotoxin DSP 4 hydrochloride) can be used for the temporary selective degradation of the central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons, mainly those from the locus coeruleus (LC).

Alpha-calcium ketoglutarate monohydrate is the calcium salt form of Alpha-ketoglutarate, which is involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in organisms.