Palatinose is a disaccharide having an α(1→6) linkage between D-glucose and D-fructose and is similar to sucrose in its physicochemical properties. It is produced from sucrose in some bacteria by the action of sucrose isomerase. In mammalian gut palatinose is hydrolyzed and absorbed much more slowly than sucrose.

Zedoarondiol has anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions by suppressing the phosphorylations of IKK and MAPKs, and by subsequently inactivating the NF-kappaB pathway.

Calcitonin, porcine inhibits 1,25 (OH)2D3-stimulated porcine osteoclast differentiation. Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone that can lower serum calcium by decreasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Calcitonin, porcine can be used for research of hypercalcemia.