Human proinsulin, the single-chain peptide precursor of insulin, consists of the insulin A and B chains connected by the 31 amino acid C-peptide. Cleavage of proinsulin by proteolytic enzymes produces insulin and free C-peptide.

SBE-β-CD is a sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin derivative with a sodium sulfonate salt separated from the lipophilic cavity by a butyl ether spacer group, or sulfobutylether (SBE).

Colesevelam Hydrochloride is a bile acid sequestrant with a higher affinity for glycocholic acid in vitro. Colesevelam Hydrochloride inhibits bile acid reabsorption, leading to increased bile acid synthesis and reduces cholesterol levels in patients.