3-Hexenedioic acid is a normal human unsaturated dicarboxylic acid metabolite with increased excretion in patients with Dicarboxylic aciduria caused by fatty acid metabolism disorders The urinary excretion of 3-Hexenedioic acid is increased in conditions of augmented mobilization of fatty acids or inhibited fatty acid oxidation.

2-Hydroxynaringenin is a flavonoid. 2-Hydroxynaringenin can be isolated from Paeoniae Alba.

TMRM Perchlorate is a cell-permeant cationic lipophilic red fluorescent dye (λex=530 nm, λem=592 nm). TMRM Perchlorate is a fluorescent probe (excitation, 530±21 nm; emission, 592±22 nm). In the presence of TMRM Perchlorate (2 μM) the coupled respiration with Complex I substrates or upon the addition of Complex II substrate is decreased by 27%.