Amyloid β-Protein (3-42) is the precursor of Pyr peptide. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) (3-42) is the core of the amyloid template block in Alzheimer's disease. pEAβ(3-42) accelerated the aggregation of Aβ(1-42), while Aβ(1-42) significantly slowed the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42).

Elamipretide (SS-31, MTP-131, Bendavia) is a novel cell-permeable antioxidant tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that targets inner mitochondrial membrane and prevents oxidative damage of neuronal cells and other cell types.

Citronellal is a monoterpene predominantly formed by the secondary metabolism of plants producing antithrombotic antiplatelet and antihypertensive activities.