Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by a mechanism associated with DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment.

Eltoprazine dihydrochloride is a drug that had previously been developed for aggression has recently been investigated for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson′s disease (PD) and in dyskinetic PD patients.?

PUMA BH3 is a p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) BH3 domain peptide, acts as a direct activator of Bak, with a Kd of 26 nM.This is a PUMA BH3 domain peptide. PUMA proteins bind Bcl-2, localize to the mitochondria, and induce cytochrome C release and apoptosis in response to p53. PUMA may be a direct mediator of p53-induced apoptosis.