5-Methylfurfural has been identified as one of the volatile flavor compounds in tamarind, Dutch Coffee, barrel-aged wines and deep fat-fried soybeans.

4-methyl-6-phenyl-2H-pyranone is derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and improves mitochondrial functionality to protect astrocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity.

7beta-Hydroxycholesterol, a major cytotoxin in oxidized LDL, induces Ca(2+) oscillations, MAP kinase activation and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells.