Taccalonolide AJ is a microtubule stabilizer; it has excellent and highly persistent antitumor efficacy when administered directly to the tumor, suggesting that the lack of antitumor efficacy seen with systemic administration of AJ is likely due to its short half-life in vivo.

Wogonin is a naturally occurring mono-flavonoid, can inhibit the activity of CDK8 and Wnt, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.

Furfuryl acetate is a natural product.