Protogracillin is a steroidal saponin isolated from Dioscorea zingiberensis Wright (DZW) which may inhibit platelet aggregation (PAG) and thrombosis. Steroidal saponins from DZW rhizomes have the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by anti-thrombotic action.

Deoxyadenosine, a deoxyribonucleoside, is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine, differing from the latter by the replacement of a hydroxyl group (-OH) by hydrogen (-H) at the 2' position of its ribose sugar moiety.

Cefpodoxime (free acid) is an oral, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides fragilis.