Pivagabine is a derivative of hydrophobic 4-aminobutyric acid, with neuromodulatory activity. Pivagabine penetrates the blood-brain barrier in rats. Pivagabine antagonizes the effects of foot shock on both GABAA receptor function and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in rat brain.

Somatostatin-28 (1-12)

Threonic acid is probably derived from glycated proteins or from the degradation of ascorbic acid. It is a normal component is aqeous humour and blood. Threonic acid is a substrate of L-threonate 3-dehydrogenase in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway.