Diquat dibromide is a water-soluble herbicide that causes rapid and profound systemic toxicity.Diquat dibromide induces acute kidney injury with high lethality.3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde has been shown to be effective in the treatment of LPS-induced ALI.

Monomethyl glutaric acid is a metabolite of dibasic esters(DBEs) by nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosae in vitro demonstrated that hydrolysis of DBEs yields mainly the monomethyl esters (monomethyl adipate monomethyl. glutarate and monomethyl succinate).

Telocinobufagin is the major endogenous digitalis-like factor.