Mesoxalic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm within the cell. Mesoxalic acid can be biosynthesized from malonic acid. Outside of the human body mesoxalic acid can be found in cereals and cereal products common pea and herbs and spices.

Arjunic acid is a strong antioxidant and a free radical scavenger. Arjunic acid shows activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values ranging between 1.9 and 15.6 microg/mL.

Tert-Butyl 4-hydroxybutanoate is an important raw material for organic synthesis.