Palatinose is a disaccharide having an α(1→6) linkage between D-glucose and D-fructose and is similar to sucrose in its physicochemical properties. It is produced from sucrose in some bacteria by the action of sucrose isomerase. In mammalian gut palatinose is hydrolyzed and absorbed much more slowly than sucrose.

Taccalonolide AJ is a microtubule stabilizer; it has excellent and highly persistent antitumor efficacy when administered directly to the tumor, suggesting that the lack of antitumor efficacy seen with systemic administration of AJ is likely due to its short half-life in vivo.

8-Hydroxyapigenin is a brassinaceous compound derived from the plant Scutellaria baicalensis with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-influenza virus activity.