This peptide is a fragment of the alpha-chain of insulin amino acids 1 to 13. The insulin a-chain epitope recognized by human T cells is posttranslationally modified.

5-Hydroxymethyluracil is an oxidation damage product derived from thymine or 5-methylcytosine. It is a product of thymine dioxygenase. Additional deamination products such as 5-hydroxymethyluracil are formed when cells are under oxidative stress that is induced either by oxidizing agents or by mitochondrial dysfunction.

4'-Demethyl Picropodophyllotoxin