Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

N-Sulfo-glucosamine sodium salt is possible to effect reaction at arthritis.

Uridine 5'-(trihydrogendiphosphate), P'-a-D-glucopyranosylester