Zerumbone is a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene first isolated from rhizomes of the wild ginger Z. zerumbet.It has also been shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities contributing to immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects.

ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum lemon verbena half-highbush blueberry and parsley which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood feces and urine.

Safflower yellow is extracted from the flowers of the plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).