HPPE is a selective inhibitor of Bach1 that acts non-electrophilically. HPPE targets the heme-binding sites on the Bach1 protein and leads to the alleviation of Bach1-mediated repression.

Methoxatin disodium salt an aromatic tricyclic o-quinone is a redox cofactor for bacterial dehydrogenases. It is an efficient electron transfer catalyst from a number of organic substrates to molecular oxygen (O2) constructing quinoprotein model reactions.

Norepinephrine can stimulate apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the β-adrenergic pathway.