Pimonidazole accumulates in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules or by forming reductive metabolites after the reduction of its nitro group.

5-CFDA(5-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is membrane-permeant. It can be loaded into cells via incubation and hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to 5-carboxyfluorescein that is used for labeling human intervertebral disk cells in vitro for fluorescence microscopy.

Gypenoside XIII is belonging to the gypenosides. Gypenosides, extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, protect against cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis.