Spantide I, a substance P analog, is a selective NK1 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 230 nM and 8150 nM for NK1 and NK2 receptor, respectively. Spantide I provides an approach to reduce type 1 and enhance the type 2 cytokine IL-10 in the infected cornea, leading to a significant reduction in corneal perforation.

Hierochin D is a natural product from Rehmannia glutinosa.

Trimethylamine oxide has a thermo-protective role in dogfish RBCs. It can stimulate both the anaerobic growth rate and the growth yield of Proteus NTHC 153 by serving as a terminal electron acceptor in an oxidative phosphorylation process.