Astragaloside may protect against brain contusion and neuronal apoptosis after TBI by attenuating microglia activation in male rats. Astragalosides-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells may be associated with down-regulation of the expression of BCL-2 and NF-κB finally the relative activity of caspase-3 activated.

Cernuoside B is a natural triterpenoid saponin that can be isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai.

DL-Alanine is an amino acid that is a racemic compound of L- and D-alanine.DL-Alanine is often used as a reducing and capping agent in conjunction with aqueous silver nitrate for nanoparticle generation.DL-Alanine is a sweetening agent, and can be grouped with glycine and sodium saccharin.