PHY34 is a potent autophagy inhibitor with cytotoxic effects by inhibiting autophagy at a late stage (MDA-MB-435 IC50=23 nM, MDA-MB-231 IC50=5.2 nM); disrupts lysosomal function, significantly inhibits the growth of cancer cell lines in hollow fibers.

Rutin hydrate (Sophorin), a kind of glycoside, widely exists in many plants including citrus fruit.

MPP+ iodide, the metabolite of a neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.