Valylvaline (Val-val) is a dipeptide compound that can be used for protein synthesis.

Ac-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-pNA is a substrate for caspase-8.Caspase-8 binds to and cleaves the Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp (IETD) peptide sequence to release p-nitroalinide, which can be quantified by colorimetric detection at 405 nm as a measure of enzyme activity.

(Z)-PUGNAc, a potent O-GlcNAcase inhibitor more active than (E)-PUGNAc, removes O-GlcNAc from proteins (peptide O-GlcNAc-β-N-acetylaminoglucosidase) and can be used to increase levels of O-GlcNAc on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in vivo.