NLS (PKKKRKV) is a peptide derived from the 40 tumor antigen of the great ape virus (SV40 big T antigen), which is a method to enhance the nuclear portal in the research field of gene transfer.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate a product of the oxidation of trimethylamine is considered as a protein stabilizer that may serve to counteract urea the major osmolyte of sharks skates and rays.

Pterosin C is a natural product isolated and purified from the rhizome Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.