D-Xylulose is converted from xylitol by the enzyme NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase in the glucuronate pathway, the most important xylitol-handling metabolic pathway in mammals.

12,13-DiHOME is a stimulator of Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as a thermogenic lipokine that activates BAT in response to cold.

Sodium Fluoride is an inorganic salt of fluoride used as an insecticide. It is also used as a wood preservative in cleaning compounds manufacture of glass and for many other uses.