β-Amyloid (1-42), rat TFA is a 42-aa peptide, shows the effects of cytotoxicity on acute hippocampal slices, and has been used in studies of alzheimer's disease.

ACTH (4-11) is a peptide fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, a peptide hormone found in the brain that is involved in the biological stress response.

Zederone has anti-bacterial activity,it inhibits gram-positive bacteria activity. Zederone induces hepatotoxicity implicated the induction of Cyps, which leads to the formation of biological reactive metabolites and that cause the oxidative stress and liver cell injuries.