PGLa is a cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) originally isolated from frog. It has been shown to have antibacterial,antifungal,and antiviral,activities.

Fosfomycin is a bactericidal low-molecular weight broad-spectrum antibiotic with putative activity against several bacteria including multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria by irreversibly inhibiting an early stage in cell wall synthesis.

Chlamydia pneumoniae-IN-1 (compound 55), a benzimidazole derivative, exhibits potent antibacterial activity, inhibiting 99% of C. pneumoniae growth at a concentration of 10 μM while maintaining 95% viability of host cells.