Taurohyodeoxycholic acid is the tauroconjugated form of Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA, a dihydroxylated natural bile acid). Taurohyodeoxycholic acid induces a biliary phospholipid secretion and suggests a hepatoprotective potential. Taurohyodeoxycholic acidalso can promote gallstone dissolution.

1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently.

Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein Fragment (IRBP) is a 20-residue peptide, which is a major pathogenic epitope. It exists in the first homologous repeat of interstitial visual pigment Binding Protein peptide (IRBP 161-180) and can induce post-uveitis (EAU).