JNK-IN-7 is a selective JNK1/2/3 inhibitor (IC50: 1.54/1.99/0.75 nM). It can also inhibit phosphorylation of c-Jun, which is a substrate of JNK kinase.

Mastoparan X is a GTP-binding regulatory protein (G protein)-activating peptide, and a tetradecapeptide from wasp venom. Mastoparan X acts function by the direct activation of G protein that couple to phospholipase C to cause secretion from various kinds of cells.

Phenylacetylglutamine is a normal constituent of human urine but other mammals such as the dog cat rat monkey sheep and horse do not excrete this compound. Phenylacetylglutamine is a major nitrogenous metabolite that accumulates in uremia. Phenylacetylglutamine also is a microbial metabolite found in Christensenellaceae Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae.