Pyruvic acid is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates proteins and fats. In thiamine deficiency its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues especially in nervous structures.

Dichotomine B is a natural product of Stellaria, Caryophyllaceae. Dichotomine B can be used as a reference standard.

Glycyrrhizin-6′′-methylester (compound 22) is a glycyrrhizin that can be isolated from licorice root. Glycyrrhizin-6′′-methylester can participate as an aglycone in the formation of methyl glucuronate, producing a sweet and licorice taste, but no bitterness. This reveals the importance of the free carboxyl group on the glycoside cone-bound glucuronic acid for natural sweetness and licorice taste.