IGF-I is partly responsible for systemic GH activities although it possesses a wide number of own properties (anabolic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions).IGF-I (24-41) (TFA) is amino acids 24 to 41 fragment of Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I).

2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.

Epimedin K is a natural product from Epimedium koreanum NAKAI (Berberidaceae).