Amyloid β-Protein (3-42) is the precursor of Pyr peptide. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) (3-42) is the core of the amyloid template block in Alzheimer's disease. pEAβ(3-42) accelerated the aggregation of Aβ(1-42), while Aβ(1-42) significantly slowed the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42).

Podophyllotoxin 4-O-glucoside is a natural product of Dysosma, Berberidaceae. Podophyllotoxin 4-O-glucoside can be used as a reference standard.

13-Oxo-9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid, a potent PPARα activator derived from tomato juice and an isomer of 9-oxo-ODA, exhibits the ability to decrease plasma and hepatic triglyceride levels in obese diabetic mice.