Butyrospermol is a protolimonoid extracted from shea (Euphorbia). As a long-chain fatty acid ester first discovered from natural products, Butyrospermol has antifeedant and antitumor activities.

Xylotetraose is a hydrolysis product of Xylan. Xylan is a polysaccharide made from units of xylose and contains predominantly β-D-xylose units linked as in cellulose.

Taccalonolide AJ is a microtubule stabilizer; it has excellent and highly persistent antitumor efficacy when administered directly to the tumor, suggesting that the lack of antitumor efficacy seen with systemic administration of AJ is likely due to its short half-life in vivo.