FPI-1523 sodium, a derivative of avibactam, is a potent β-lactamase inhibitor with Kd values of 4 nM and 34 nM for CTX-M-15 and OXA-48, respectively.

Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.

1,4-Cineole is a natural, oxygenated monoterpene. 1,4-Cineole can activate both human TRPM8 and human TRPA1.