VP3.15 dihydrobromide is a potent orally bioavailable and CNS-penetrant dual phosphodiesterase (PDE7- glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 inhibitor(with IC50s of 1.59 μM 0.88 μMrespectively.)

9-ING-41 is a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor.9-ING-41 (2, 4 μM; 48 hours) decreases neuroblastoma cell viability induces apoptosis[2]. 9-ING-41 (0.1-1 μM) inhibits GSK-3 leading to a decreased expression of the NF-κB target XIAP and significant apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells as shown by PARP cleavage, an apoptosis marker[1]. 9-ING-41 (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 μM) inhibits the proliferation rate of all TCL and MCL lines with concentrations as low as 1.0 mM.

A potent, highly selective GSK-3 inhibitor with IC50 of 2.1 nM for human GSK-3β in enzyme assays.