Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

RF-amide peptide, Drosophila

Pinolenic acid (PNLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that can be isolated from Pinus orientalis and Pinus pinaster seed oil. Pinolenic acid has anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering activities.