Glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37), human (TFA) is a highly potent agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, it is a kind of pancreatic hormone synthesized by post-translational processing of proglucagon.

D-Xylulose is converted from xylitol by the enzyme NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase in the glucuronate pathway, the most important xylitol-handling metabolic pathway in mammals.

Curculigoside can prevent bone loss , improve osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis of hAFSCs, suggesting its potential use to regulate hAFSC osteogenic differentiation for treating bone disorders.