Allomatrine is a natural product from Sophora alopecuroides L. Allomatrine when given i.c.v. may stimulate the descending dynorphinergic neuron resulting in the stimulation of KORs in the spinal cord.

HIV-1 TAT (48-60) is a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the human immunodeficient virus (HIV)-1 Tat protein residue 48-60. This is one of the cell-penetrating peptides generated from the human immunodeficient virus -1 Tat protein residue 48-60.

Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids. Increased urinary levels of Methylsuccinic acid (together with ethylmalonic acid) are the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy a rare metabolic disorder with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that is clinically characterized by neuromotor delay hyperlactic acidemia recurrent petechiae orthostatic acrocyanosis and chronic diarrhea.