3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid reduces cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells(IC50 = 24.1 μM) more effectively than anthocyanins and may offer protection against colon cancer after its formation in the gut. 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid inhibits transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, and OCT-1 which are known to be activated in colorectal cancer.

Bigelovin is a selective retinoid X receptor α agonist.?Bigelovin suppresses tumor growth through inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inhibition of mTOR pathway regulated by ROS generation.It is also known as a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.

Taurodeoxycholic acid (Taurodeoxychloic acid) is a bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid, a human metabolite that stabilizes mitochondrial membranes and reduces the formation of free radicals.