Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a Group 1A carcinogen and a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) primarily induces mutations by causing a G to T transversion at the third nucleotide of codon 249 in the tumor suppressor gene p53. In the body, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) can cause damage to the intestines and kidneys and has some teratogenic effects.

1,3-Dihydroxyacetone is the main active ingredient in sunscreen tanning skin care preparations, an important precursor for the synthesis of a variety of fine chemicals, and a food additive that can be produced on an industrial scale by microbial fermentation on Gluconobacter oxydans.

3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is one of several metabolites produced when insufficient levels of GCDH are available. It is used as a biomarker of GCDH deficiency.