N-methylnicotinamide is a metabolite of niacin (or nicotinamide) and is commonly found in human urine. However low levels of urinary excretion of N-methylnicotinamide indicates niacin deficiency. In patients with liver cirrhosis nicotinamide methylation is increased leading to a rise in urinary N-methylnicotinamide. N-methylnicotinamide has been found to be a microbial metabolite.

23-Butanedione (Diacetyl) the molecule implicated in the disease known as popcorn lung has now been implicated in amyloid-β peptide toxicity associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Diacetyl accelerates amyloid-β aggregation-a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.

Fast Green FCF a safe biocompatible color additive has been suggested to mitigate chronic pain.