Malonyl Coenzyme A (lithium) is a coenzyme A derivative that is utilized in fatty acid and polyketide synthesis and in the transport of α-ketoglutarate across the mitochondrial membrane.

Palatinose is a disaccharide having an α(1→6) linkage between D-glucose and D-fructose and is similar to sucrose in its physicochemical properties. It is produced from sucrose in some bacteria by the action of sucrose isomerase. In mammalian gut palatinose is hydrolyzed and absorbed much more slowly than sucrose.

12-Didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholi is a synthetic less hydrophobic phospholipid that has been found to be useful for enhancing the absorption of peptide drugs and hormones such as insulin.