Pimonidazole accumulates in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules or by forming reductive metabolites after the reduction of its nitro group.

2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid, 4-(D-glucopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-, methyl ester (compound 3) is a naturally occurring substance found in the dried roots of Rubia cordifolia.

Theaflavin-3'-gallate, act as prooxidants and induce oxidative stress, with carcinoma cells more sensitive than normal fibroblasts.