L-Carnosine is is an antioxidant naturally found in skeletal muscle brain tissue. It has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging.

Vaccarin is a major flavonoid glycoside in Vaccariae semen, its biotransformation pathways involves methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation and deglycosylation.

Morroniside would act as a regulator of hepatic inflammatory reactions and lipid metabolism in db/db mice.