L-Gulose is an unnatural monosaccharide. L-Gulose is the putative furanose form of L-sorbosone that exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is an L-hexose sugar and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-Ascorbate (vitamin C).

9,11-Dehydro-β-boswellic acid has urease inhibitory activity. 9,11-Dehydro-beta-boswellic acid inhibiting the key enzyme of leukotriene biosynthesis, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO).

Taccalonolide AJ is a microtubule stabilizer; it has excellent and highly persistent antitumor efficacy when administered directly to the tumor, suggesting that the lack of antitumor efficacy seen with systemic administration of AJ is likely due to its short half-life in vivo.