Potent, high affinity apelin receptor agonist (IC50 = 0.27 nM; Kd = 0.51 nM). Exhibits no binding GPR15 and GPR25. Activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and promotes self-renewal of hESCs via cell-cycle progression and protein translation. Also potentiates the TGFβ pathway, priming hESCs toward the endoderm lineage. Stimulates angiogenesis in HUVEC cells. Relaxes mouse aortic vessels. Functions as an anorexigenic hormone through activation of the AVP and CRH neurons in the PVN.

Diclofenac Epolamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic actions.

Sodium caseinates are proteins found in milk that induce proliferation and activation of granulocytes, and can induce granulopoiesis in mice.