Octodrine is a stimulant drug whose pharmacology was briefly studied in the early 1950s.

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. It is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.

2-Hydroxycaprylic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids.