alpha-Ketoglutarate is a key molecule in the TCA cycle. It can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor.

Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by a mechanism associated with DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment.

Used as softener and lubricant.