Stachyose is a natual productit highly promotes proliferation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by inducing LAB to produce more α-galactosidase to hydrolyze stachyose.

Malonic acid (propanedioic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Pressinoic Acid is a peptide with potent corticotrophin-releasing activity. It is also an oxytocin inhibitor; it induces maternal behavior.